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GREENHOUSE EFFECT AND ITS IMPLICATIONS

The greenhouse effect may be the most important natural phenomena and may lead to important changes in our style stages in our lives. Today, when a natural disaster, global warming seems to be the agenda. Not long ago, scientists have not paid attention the greenhouse effect and there are those who do not believe they exist, while as yet there are people out there who think the world is flat and the Holocaust never happened. So what is the greenhouse effect?

What is the greenhouse effect?
The greenhouse effect is the result of emissions of different greenhouse gases that have been trapped in Earth's stratosphere that leads to climate change of the word.

• Under the influence of sunlight, the temperature of the Earth varies from 0 to 50 ° C, with a normal day and night, winter and summer around 15 ° C

• The heating is by the sun, whose short, ultraviolet (UV) and longer infrared (IR) rays that give you that warm feeling when you walk in the sun, a bit like an electric heater that heats when turned on and get near her.

• Some of the incoming rays are reflected in the clouds in the sky and sea and land, especially in deserts and snowfields.

• Not all of these rays reflected back into space, however, re-entry, many radiates infrared rays toward the ground, This makes it even hotter. It is the atmosphere's ability to reissue the warm rays that creates the greenhouse effect.

• dioxide carbon water vapor and some other gases absorb some of this radiation and prevent it from being sent into space. This coverage "effect keeps the Earth warm. History of this greenhouse is not a new phenomenon or concept. The term "greenhouse gases" was first used in the nineteenth century by the Irish scientist John Tyndall was born in an article he wrote in the Philosophical Magazine in London in 1863. It was not until the 1960s that Professor Bert Bolin, Stockholm University, worked on the phenomenon. When scientists discussed with them, said: "It is science fiction. We do not believe." However, in mid 1970 things were changing rapidly as scientists began to accept that he was right.

How do we know that warming Overall there? What is the evidence?

1. 1. The scientists analyzed climate on planets such as Venus and the Moon. Venus, which is covered by dense carbon dioxide atmosphere. Its surface temperature is about 500 º C. While the moon has no atmosphere which has an average temperature of -18 degrees C. Our atmosphere keeps the surface of our earth, with an average of 15 degrees C, about 33 degrees C warmer as warm and habitable.
2. Evidence of cores ice during the last 160,000 years of carbon dioxide and methane trapped in ice cores varied with the global temperature. Scientists have been able to drill ice cores from the Arctic and Antarctic and measure levels of carbon dioxide and methane.
3. The increase in surface temperature of about 0.5 º C over 100 years of studies in the carbon dioxide increases conducted by scientists have concluded that Earth's temperature has remained relatively constant until the onset of the Industrial Revolution. In fact, not much has changed until the twentieth century.

• From 1880 to 1940, there was a warming only a quarter of a degree. Much has been lost between 1940 and 1970.
• From 1950 to 1980, the average surface temperature was 15 degrees C.
• Between 1970 and 1980, the average temperature has increased by three tenths of a degree C.
• 1987 and 1988 were years the warmest recorded since then, temperatures have risen. In 2009, Victoria, Australia has experienced warmer than two days in the record of 46 degrees C, and a day (6 February) that leads to greater natural disaster in Australia during which more than 170 people died as a result of forest fires.

4. Sea rose and small glaciers are melting.

• Scientists using the technology of satellite imagery and have been able to control the melting ice caps and glaciers.

What are the results of the greenhouse effect?

Using sophisticated computer models, scientists have been able to predict As the global climate will be like when the levels of carbon dioxide doubled.

1. The global temperature increase is believed to be an increase average global temperature between 1.5 and 4.5C • In 2030, an increase of 2 degrees Celsius by 2100 an increase of 6 degrees C. The warming is greater at high latitudes and winter. This will lead to the melting of ice caps and glaciers is already evident in places like Greenland, the Arctic and Antarctica.
2. Changes in global climate, greenhouse gases lead to global changes in weather and climate. Some places may get more rain and storms, while other areas may receive less. All changes will be bad. However, in most of the world, climate change, to have a major impact on our lives
3. The increase sea level is estimated that by 2030, the average level of the seas will rise about 20 centimeters. This is mainly due to the melting of polar ice cap, but the warming of the atmosphere, warming the upper layers of the oceans, which will enrich the heat. For small countries in the Pacific, as Tuvalu and Kiribati, and in the Indian Ocean and the Maldives and other countries like the Netherlands, May disappear completely.
4. Other impacts Other impacts could be extinction of certain species of animals and plants, including marine and coastal environments and coral reefs. Some plants would be unable to survive the temperature increases. It takes thousands of years for forests to the north or south to cooler climates. According to Joel B. Smith, co-author of a report by the EPA states that "warming more a century, the forests should be transferred five times faster than the highest rate recorded by paleontologists from the end of the last Ice Age. "

What are the main emissions of primary greenhouse gases?

This is a series of organic compounds with more than two bonds (ie 3 atoms). The seven main greenhouse gases are:

1. Carbon dioxide (CO2)
2. Ozone (O3)
3. Methane (CH4)
4. CFC (freon F11 and F12)
5. Water vapor (H2O)
6. Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
7. Ethane (CH3CH3)

Where do they come?

• Most gas emissions greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels. Everything from power plants, motor vehicles, refrigerators, and emissions from the plant
• However, CO2 is the result of deforestation, which releases carbon locked in the soil when trees are felled.
• CH4 is released from agriculture such as sheep, cows and fertilizer, and places such as councils, waste water mills and mines.

Contribution Fossil Fuels

Due to the nature of carbon hydrogen Report, fossil fuels emit different levels of CO2.

Proportion of carbon fossil fuels and hydrogen

Coal Approx. 1:1
Oil approx. 1:2
About natural gas. 1:4

• If burning coal produces twice the CO2 Natural Gas

The concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere (parts per million)

Before the Industrial Revolution 270 ppm
1988 345 ppm
Today> 355 ppm

• By measuring Gas bubbles trapped in polar ice, scientists have shown that the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere before the industrial revolution was about 270 parts per million (ppm).
• A monitoring station created a special summit of Mauna Loa in Hawaii in 1957 showed that levels of CO2 in the atmosphere to 315 ppm, an increase of 17%.
• In 1988, he spent 345 ppm. An increase in 31 years, another 11%. A total grew approximately 30% since the beginning of the revolution industrial.
• Predicting more of the experts that CO2 will reach a level of 500-700 ppm in 2050, a doubling in the heart of 200 years.

Percentage contribution of greenhouse gas emissions greenhouse gases

CO2 55%
CFC (F-11/F-12) * 17%
CH 4 15%
NO 26%
Another 7%

* Please note that CFCs have been eliminated since the mid-nineties

To stablise concentration atmospheric gases of different current levels, further reductions would be needed immediately:

CO2 60%
15-20% of CH4
NO2 70-80%
CFC (F-11) * 70-75%
CFC (F-12) * 75-85%

Remaining scientific uncertainty
No argument that rising greenhouse gas concentrations will result in an increase in average temperatures worldwide.

However, there is a thesis on the measure in some cases, positive and negative.

1. The uncertainty of the effects of cluster-cooling effect Negative reflect sunlight entering high clouds positive effect by trapping radiation Land Infrared

• This uncertainty explains the variation in temperature of 1.5 º C to 4.5 º C.

2. Fuel combustion fossil fuels like coal sulfur dioxide (SO2) a cooling effect.

3. Variations in the production of sunshine are responsible for rising temperatures.

4. Sea level naturally increases due to thermal expansion of ocean surface water and melting glaciers.

• An increase in temperature increased precipitation, which increases the thickness of the ice at the poles, reducing the height.

5. The Regional Natural climatic changes such as deforestation and bush fires, as opposed to global changes.

Policies to reduce emissions Greenhouse Issues

1. Different countries emit very different levels of CO2 per capita
2. Countries have per capita incomes very different
3. Very hard to get the global warming potential per equivalent of the emissions of greenhouse gases CO2.
4. Emissions greenhouse gases from different countries are not known with certainty

Policies

1. Each country may the same percentage reduction

• The existing emission levels are unequal per capita is taken as standard
• Poor countries want increased use of fossil fuels

2. Every country has the same benefit per capita emission countries basis.These sell allowances rich countries.

3. Rich countries could reduce emissions by 20% without the reductions required by the poorest countries.

• All rich countries have higher CO2 emissions, and not all poor countries are low emitters because of deforestation.

4. Suppose Australia, that is an issuer of high income and high emissions of greenhouse gases per capita is needed to reduce emissions by 20%.

• How should be reduced? By: a) each state? b) each section of the industry?

Some methods of reducing CO2 emissions have a negative impact in our lives;
• Better management of natural resources;
• Reduction of waste in manufacture;
• Finding alternative uses for the final waste (recycling and reuse);
• Buy less junk and property should not be (in Australia, valued at $ 10 billion U.S. dollars per year);
• The purchase of quality products that do not require replacing as often;
• Recycling more (for example, takes about 8 times More Energy to make aluminum bauxite is needed to recycle)
• Reduction of motor vehicles;
• Increased use of public transport;
• More efficient lighting, heating and cooling;
• better insulation;
• Decrease the reliance on electricity and electrical appliances and machinery;
• more efficient appliances;
• more efficient cars;
• Other technologies from natural sources such as wind, thermal and tidal;
• Conversion of landfill sites and treatment plants sewage plant methane;
• Bio-fuels such as biodiesel, methanol and ethanol from organic waste sources
• Reducing the large-scale deforestation and land clearing;
• Increase tree planting;
• More effective, including no-till farming methods and conservation agriculture;
• Organic farming.

About the Author

Tobi Nagy specialises in sustainable development and building competitive advantage into businesses. He is CEO of Think-Grow-Sustain, a “Cleantech” venture acceleration and commercialisation organisation which helps nurture and grow businesses, through planning, modelling, structuring, sales and marketing and governance frameworks, so that they become investment ready.

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